A bunion is a bony bump at the base of the big toe, where the toe drifts towards the smaller toes. It is called hallux valgus, and it is one of the most common foot deformities, especially in women and in families where it runs.
What causes it?
Inherited foot shape, loose ligaments, flatfoot and tight or narrow shoes all play a part. Shoes do not create a bunion on their own, but they can make it more painful and help it progress.
Do all bunions need surgery?
No. Many people are comfortable with wide shoes with a soft upper, silicone pads and insoles. Surgery is considered when:
- Pain continues despite suitable shoes and insoles.
- The bump rubs, swells or makes it hard to wear any shoe.
- The big toe pushes the second toe out of line or causes a painful callus under the ball of the foot.
- The deformity is clearly getting worse.
How is it treated surgically?
There is no single operation for every bunion. A cut and realignment of the bone near the toe (distal osteotomy) suits milder deformities, while a larger deformity may need the bone corrected nearer the foot (proximal open-wedge osteotomy). Surgery is chosen after examination and weight-bearing X-rays, and the recovery plan is explained beforehand.
When should you be seen?
If the bunion is painful, growing, or affecting how you walk, an assessment will tell you whether simple measures are enough or whether surgery would help.
The information on this website is for health education and does not replace a medical examination or direct consultation.
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